Volume
83, Number 1, March 2002
Articles
‘A
Mixed Assemblage of Persons': Race and Tavern Space
in Upper Canada
Julia Roberts
Clio's Soldiers: Charles Stacey and the Army Historical
Section
in the Second World War
Tim Cook
‘Bitterness
behind Every Smiling Face': Community Development and Canada's First
Nations, 1954–1968
Hugh Shewell
Letters
to the Editors by Yvan Lamonde and Ramsay Cook
Book Reviews
Bouchard,
Genèse des nations et cultures du Nouveau Monde. Essai d'histoire
comparée
Reviewed by Jocelyn Létourneau
Moogk,
La Nouvelle France: The Making of French Canada – A Cultural
History
Reviewed by Thomas Wien
Anctil,
Robinson, et Bouchard, sous la direction de, Juifs et Canadiens français
dans la société québécoise
Reviewed by Jack Jedwab
Wagner-Richards,
Le cimetière juif de Québec, Beth Israël Ohev Sholom
Reviewed by Jack Jedwab
Shuchat,
The Gate of Heaven: The Story of the Congregation Shaar Hashomayim
of Montreal, 1846–1996
Reviewed by Jack Jedwab
Wolofsky,
Mayn Lebns Rayze: Un demi-siècle de vie yiddish à Montréal,
1946
Reviewed by Jack Jedwab
McNairn,
The Capacity to Judge: Public Opinion and Deliberative Democracy in
Upper Canada, 1791–1854
Reviewed by Janet Ajzenstat
Cameron
and Mcdougall Maude, Assisting Emigration to Upper Canada: The Petworth
Project, 1832–1837
Reviewed by J.I. Little
Cameron,
Haines, and Mcdougall Maude, English Immigrant Voices: Labourers'
Letters from Upper Canada in the 1830s
Reviewed by J.I. Little
Holt,
Sharing the Good Times: A History of Prairie Women's Joys and Pleasures
Reviewed by Valerie J. Korinek
Russell,
Women in Waterloo County
Reviewed by Valerie J. Korinek
Hudson,
ed., The Provincial Asylum in Toronto: Reflections on Social and Architectural
History
Reviewed by Annmarie Adams
Connor,
Doing Good: The Life of Toronto's General Hospital
Reviewed by Annmarie Adams
Palmer,
ed., Labouring the Canadian Millennium: Writings on Work and Workers,
History and Historiography
Reviewed by David Bright
Adams
and Tancred, ‘Designing Women': Gender and the Architectural
Profession
Reviewed by Elizabeth Smyth
Goodwin,
ed., Revivals, Baptists, & George Rawlyk: A Memorial Volume
Reviewed by Michael Gauvreau
Adams,
A Dentist and a Gentleman: Gender and the Rise of Dentistry in Ontario
Reviewed by J.T.H. Connor
Binnema,
Ens, and Macleod, eds., From Rupert's Land to Canada
Reviewed by R. Douglas Francis
Wardhaugh,
Mackenzie King and the Prairie West
Reviewed by P.E. Bryden
Baergen,
The Ku Klux Klan in Central Alberta
Reviewed by Janine Stingel
Black
and Mitchell, A Square Deal for All and No Railroading: Historical
Essays on Labour in Brandon
Reviewed by Chris O'Shea
Campbell,
Sit Down and Drink Your Beer: Regulating Vancouver's Beer Parlours,
1925–1954
Reviewed by Mariana Valverde
Neufeld
and Parnaby, The iwa in Canada: The Life and Times of an Industrial
Union by Richard A. Rajala
Fudge
and Tucker, Labour before the Law: The Regulation of Workers' Collective
Action in Canada, 1900–1948
Reviewed by Paul Craven
Buckley,
Canada's Early Nuclear Policy: Fate, Chance, and Character
Reviewed by Michael D. Stevenson
Korinek,
Roughing It in the Suburbs: Reading Chatelaine Magazine in the Fifties
and Sixties
Reviewed by Lori Chambers
'A Mixed Assemblage of Persons': Race and Tavern Space
in Upper Canada
Julia Roberts
Settlers
and travellers told many stories about the 'Indians,' the 'blacks,'
and the 'whites' who drank together in Upper Canadian taverns. These
glimpses of multiracial public life pose an interpretive challenge
because white society, at the same time, actively marginalized both
blacks and Natives in economic, political, and social ways. For First
Nations people, the taverns sustained a wide variety of exchanges
with whites, but, rather than facilitating genuinely two-way communication,
they reinforced the dominance of non-Native ways within the public
life of the colony. From the black perspective, the taverns had a
dangerously changeable character, where peaceful sociability in a
mixed crowd could be abruptly challenged by those consciously defining
themselves as white. The colony's many taverns were sites where people
chose to relax racial boundaries as often as they chose to enforce
them. Stories about them are also about the complicated and contradictory
ways that 'race' mattered in the everyday interactions of early Canadian
public life.
Colons
et voyageurs ont raconté bien des histoires au sujet des «Indiens»,
des «Noirs» et des «Blancs» qui buvaient ensemble dans les tavernes
du Haut-Canada. Ces aperçus de la vie publique multiraciale
sont difficiles à interpréter en raison du fait qu'au
cours de cette période la société blanche écartait
délibérément les Noirs comme les Autochtones
de la sphère économique, politique et sociale. Pour
les Autochtones, les tavernes étaient le théâtre
d'une myriade d'échanges avec les Blancs, mais, plutôt
que de faciliter une véritable communication bilatérale,
elles renforçaient la suprématie des modes non autochtones
dans la vie publique de la colonie. Aux yeux des Noirs, les tavernes
étaient un lieu dangereux à cause de l'atmosphère
instable qui y régnait, une interaction sociale paisible au
sein d'une foule mixte pouvant être brusquement menacée
par ceux qui s'affichaient ouvertement comme Blancs. Les nombreuses
tavernes de la colonie étaient des lieux où les gens
choisissaient aussi bien de franchir les barrières raciales
que de les renforcer. Les histoires relatives aux tavernes portent
également sur les manifestations complexes et contradictoires
témoignant de l'importance de la «race» dans les interactions
quotidiennes aux débuts de la vie publique au Canada.
Clio's
Soldiers: Charles Stacey and the Army Historical Section in the Second
World War
Tim Cook
Charles
P. Stacey has long been hailed as the central interpreter of Canada's
Second World War effort, with his writings constructing and composing
a specific narrative of that conflict. With that in mind, this article
is an investigation into the role of C.P. Stacey and the historical
officers of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. It examines
the way they were able to deliver their twin mandates of facilitating
the publication of an official history, as well as collecting, creating,
and preserving historical records. These functions must be studied,
as they supported the crafting of the postwar official histories and
served as their structural underpinnings.
In the end, as eye-witnesses to battle and makers of memory, the historical
officers played an essential role in laying the foundation for Canadian
military history of the war and its subsequent interpretations. As
we will see, though, that historical underpinning was constructed
by using neither neutral nor unbiased war records and interpretations.
The historical officers were forced to develop a pragmatic and nuanced
approach to their work as soldiers in the service of history and of
the Canadian Army.
On
a souvent salué Charles P. Stacey comme le plus grand interprète
de l'effort militaire canadien durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale,
en raison de ses ouvrages qui bâtissent et composent un récit
particulier de ce conflit. C'est dans cette optique que l'article
examine le rôle joué par C. P. Stacey et les historiens
de l'armée canadienne au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
ainsi que la façon dont ces hommes purent s'acquitter de leur
double mandat, qui visait à faciliter d'une part la publication
d'une histoire officielle, et de l'autre, la collection, création
et conservation d'archives historiques. L'étude de ces fonctions
est primordiale, car elles ont permis de documenter les récits
officiels de l'après-guerre et leur ont fourni un cadre structural.
En fin de compte, en tant que témoins oculaires de batailles
et bâtisseurs de mémoire, les historiens-officiers ont
joué un rôle essentiel en posant les fondations de l'histoire
militaire canadienne de la guerre et de ses interprétations
subséquentes. Toutefois, comme nous le verrons, cet étayage
s'est édifié à l'aide de dossiers de guerre et
d'interprétations qui n'étaient ni neutres ni dénués
de partis pris. En effet, leur statut de soldats au service de l'histoire
et de l'armée canadienne obligeait ces historiens à
aborder leur travail avec pragmatisme et finesse.
'Bitterness
behind Every Smiling Face': Community Development and Canada's First
Nations, 1954-1968
In
1965 a community development program on Indian reserves in Canada
developed because of the failure of previous assimilation strategies,
federal concerns about the dependence of First Nations peoples on
social assistance, and the idea that the provinces ought to do more
to assist Indians to full citizenship. This article explores the postwar
history leading up to the program, its implementation and impact on
the Indian Affairs bureaucracy, and its influence on the status of
First Nations in Canada.
Un
programme de développement communautaire prit forme en 1965
sur les réserves indiennes au Canada, en raison de l'échec
de stratégies d'assimilation précédentes et des
préoccupations du gouvernement fédéral concernant
la dépendance des peuples autochtones à l'égard
de l'aide sociale, et afin d'amener les provinces à faire davantage
pour aider les Indiens à devenir des citoyens à part
entière. Cet article se penche sur l'histoire de l'après-guerre
menant au programme, sur la mise en ouvre de ce dernier et sur ses
retombées sur la bureaucratie du ministère des Affaires
indiennes ainsi que sur son influence sur le statut des Premières
nations au Canada.
