Volume 41, No. 4
October 1999
Arrestation,
discrimination raciale et relations intergroupes
Pierre Tremblay, Manon Tremblay et Lucie Léonard
Agression
sexuelle chez les garçons: comparaison des agresseurs, des
agressés et des agresseurs agressés avec les autres
adolescents en difficulté
Marc LeBlanc et Cindy Lapointe
Pluralistic
ignorance in a prison community
Jana Grekul
Commentary
The pitfalls of determining validity
by consensus
Anthony N. Doob and Jane B.
Sprott
Book
Reviews
DOBASH and DOBASH: Rethinking Violence Against Women
N. Zoe Hilton
ERICKSON,
RILEY, CHEUNG, and O'HARE: Harm Reduction: A New Direction for Drug
Policies and Programs
Lyne Chayer
ANDREWS
and BONTA: The Psychology of Criminal Conduct
David Nussbaum
Coming
Events
Instructions
to Authors
Index
to Volume 41
Abstracts/Résumés
Only abstracts of full articles are contained in these Web pages.
Research notes and commentaries are usually not summarized into abstracts.
Readers who need the complete texts should contact the CCJA and subscribe
to the Journal. They can also purchase single copies of back issues
that are still in stock.
Arrestation,
discrimination raciale et relations intergroupes
Pierre Tremblay
et
Manon Tremblay
École de criminologie,
Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
This article
examines the extent to which arrest decisions in Montreal (1991 -
1993) are significantly influenced by the racial status of defendants
and victims or by the racial composition of neighborhoods in which
offending occurs. Findings show that arrest outcomes for violent offenders
are not affected by the ethnic status of either defendants or victims.
On the other hand, the severity of arrest dispositions does vary across
the urban landscape; specifically, it increases as the neighborhood
residential concentration of black communities increases. This mark-up
in the severity of arrest dispositions, however, affects both black
and white defendants. Simply assuming that a significant proportion
of policemen are "biased" against black defendants does
not account for the fact that arrest outcomes are exactly the same
for both the minority of black and the majority of white defendants
living in these mixed or heterogeneous neighborhoods. An alternative
view-point could be that police officers expect or have learned to
expect that personal crimes or conflicts are more likely, in such
neighborhoods, to produce local disturbances.
Agression
sexuelle chez les garçons: comparaison des agresseurs, des
agressés et des agresseurs agressés avec les autres
adolescents en difficulté
Marc LeBlanc
et
Cindy Lapointe
École de psychoéducation
Groupe de recherche sur les adolescents en difficulté
Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
Les études comparatives
entre les adolescents en difficulté et ceux qui sont victimes
ou auteurs d'agression sexuelle sont peu nombreuses. Elles sont encore
moins fréquentes quand il s'agit de comparer les agresseurs
sexuels avec les victimes d'une agression sexuelle et avec ceux qui
sont à la fois victimes et auteurs. Elles sont encore plus
rares quant il s'agit d'étudier l'agression sexuelle révélée
lors d'une entrevue avec un échantillon d'adolescents judiciarisés.
Les analyses rapportées dans cet article supportent deux conclusions.
Premièrement, les adolescents victimes ou auteurs d'une agression
sexuelle constituent un groupe différent des adolescents protégés
judiciairement et des jeunes contrevenants. Ils manifestent des déficiences
nettement plus importantes à la fois au niveau de l'adaptation
sociale et de l'adaptation personnelle. Deuxièmement, si l'agression
sexuelle homogénéise les adolescents qui la subissent
ou la commettent, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'il y a une différence
de degré entre les agresseurs, les agresseurs agressés
et les agressés. Ces derniers affichent les expériences
de socialisation les plus déficientes et les perturbations
psychologiques les plus marquées.
Pluralistic
ignorance in a prison community
Jana Grekul
Department of Sociology
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
"Pluralistic
ignorance" refers to a process whereby members of a group inaccurately
perceive group opinion and are misled by vocal, visible, and assertive
group leaders into believing that their own opinions are less popular
and less widely shared than they actually are. The result is a "perceived
group opinion" which is not representative of the actual attitudes
of the group members. One hundred twenty-five inmates and ninety-two
correctional staff in a Canadian maximum security prison completed
a questionnaire designed to measure pluralistic ignorance. Our results
suggest that pluralistic ignorance may exist among inmates and guards
in this Canadian institution. Both inmates and guards misperceived
group opinion, but unlike the subjects in a US study conducted in
the late 1950's, in which inmates were more extreme than guards in
their misperceptions, the results of this study indicate that the
negative misperceptions of group opinion than do inmates. Previous
findings suggest that stress and violence among inmates might be reduced
by exposing the stereotypes and misperceptions that exist in the minds
of inmates. If misperceptions are greater among correctional officers,
our findings suggest that sharing communication with guards could
set the stage for a broader discussion of misperceptions among both
groups.
