Volume
43, No. 2
April 2001
Editorial
Julian Roberts
Trajectoires
de délinquance et de consommation de substances chez des hommes
et des femmes en détention
Serge Brochu, Louise Guyon et Lyne Desjardins
Illicit
opiates and crime: Results of an untreated user cohort study in Toronto
Benedikt Fischer, Wendy Medved, Maritt Kirst, Jürgen
Rehm, and Louis Gliksman
Income
inequality and homicide rates in Canada and the United States
Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, and Shawn Vasdev
A
meta-analytic examination of youth delinquency, family treatment,
and recidivism
Jeff Latimer
Commentary
Social research with eyes wide shut: The limited confidentiality
dilemma
Ted Palys and John Lowman
Response
Legal and ethical obligations in social research: The limited confidentiality
requirement
Ivan Zinger, Cherami Wichmann, and Paul Gendreau
Book
Reviews
ROBERT et COLE: Making Sense of Sentencing
Pierre Landreville
THIBODEAU:
La disgrâce de l'humanité: Essai sur la torture. EVANS
et MORGAN: Preventing Torture: A Study of the European Convention
for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
or Punishment
Jean-Claude Bernheim
WELCH:
Punishment in America - Social Control and the Ironies of Imprisonment
Pierre Landreville
ROBERT:
Le citoyen, le crime et l'État
Jean-Paul Brodeur
BOYD:
The Beast Within: Why Men Are Violent
Thomas Gabor
GRIFFITHS
et CUNNINGHAM: Canadian Corrections
Jean-Claude Bernheim
Books
Received
Coming
Events
Memo
to Authors
Abstracts/Résumés
Only abstracts of full articles are contained in these Web pages.
Research notes and commentaries are usually not summarized into abstracts.
Readers who need the complete texts should contact the CCJA and subscribe
to the Journal. They can also purchase single copies of back issues
that are still in stock.
TRAJECTOIRES
DE DÉLINQUANCE ET DE CONSOMMATION DE SUBSTANCES CHEZ DES HOMMES
ET DES FEMMES EN DÉTENTION
Serge Brochu
Centre international de criminologie comparée
Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
Louise Guyon
and
Lyne Desjardins
Recherche et interventions sur les substances psychoactives - Québec
(RISQ)
Montréal, Québec
Les prisons
comptent plus de toxicomanes parmi leur clientèle que les centres
de réadaptation pour personnes alcooliques et toxicomanes.
Avec l'accroissement des détenus éprouvant des problèmes
de toxicomanie, la gestion de la consommation de drogue pour une bonne
partie de la population carcérale est devenue une réalité
pour les milieux de détention. Si l'on veut intervenir de façon
appropriée, il est nécessaire d'acquérir une
bonne connaissance de la séquence de développement et
d'enchâssement de la consommation et de la criminalisation.
Une analyse comparative des trajectoires de consommation de drogues
et de délinquance d'hommes et de femmes détenus a été
effectuée. Les résultats montrent des trajectoires différentes
pour les hommes et les femmes. Plus spécifiquement, la trajectoire
de consommation et de délinquance pour les hommes toxicomanes
et non-toxicomanes est sensiblement la même tandis que les femmes
toxicomanes apparaissent plus précoces que les non-toxicomanes.
Par ailleurs, les hommes toxicomanes ont une entrée plus précoce
dans la criminalité que les femmes toxicomanes. La discussion
permet de jeter un regard sur la relation drogue-crime
ILLICIT
OPIATES AND CRIME: RESULTS OF AN UNTREATED USER COHORT STUDY IN TORONTO.
Benedikt Fisher
Department of Public Health Sciences,
Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto, Toronto,
and
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health,
Toronto, Ontario
Wendy Medved
Department of Community Medecine
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
Maritt Kirst
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Toronto, Ontario
Jürgen Rehm
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto
and
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
and
Addiction Research Institute, Zürich, Switzerland
and
Louis Gliksman
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
and
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario
Some
of the more extensive harms and costs to society associated with the
illicit opiate use problem arise out of users' involvement in criminal
activity. Little is known regarding the extent and nature of illicit
opiate users' criminal involvement within the specific Canadian context.
This paper presents data concerning the criminal activity and criminal
justice system involvement of a sample of 114 untreated illicit opiate
users in Toronto on the basis of self-report data, including such
variables as illegal income, types of offenses, and criminal justice
history. The data support international research results that criminal
activity is highly prevalent among illicit opiate users, and that
this activity consists primarily of property and drug-related offenses
for income-generating purposes. Involvement in violent offenses is
very limited. Implications of these findings on social policy, law
enforcement, and addiction treatment are discussed.
INCOME
INEQUALITY AND HOMICIDE RATES IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
Martin Daly
and
Margo Wilson
Department of Psychology, McMaster University
Hamilton, Ontario
and
Shawn Vasdev
Department of Psychology, State University of New York
Stony Brook, NY, USA
Previous
research showing that income inequality (assessed by the Gini index)
is a predictor, and hence a possible determinant, of homicide rates,
whether at the cross-national, state or city level, has been inconclusive
because of a negative relationship between economic inequity and average
income. Comparison across the Canadian provinces provides a test case
in which average income and the Gini are instead positively correlated,
and we find that the positive relationship between the Gini and the
homicide rate is undiminished. Temporal change in the Gini is also
shown to be a significant predictor of temporal change in provincial
homicide rates. When Canadian provinces and U.S. states are considered
together, local levels of income inequality appear to be sufficient
to account for the two countries' radically different national homicide
rates.
A
META-ANALYTIC EXAMINATION OF YOUTH DELINQUENCY, FAMILY TREATMENT,
AND RECIDIVISM
Jeff Latimer
Senior Research Officer
Research and Statistics Division, Department of Justice Canada
Ottawa, Ontario
This
paper explores the relationship between youth delinquency, family
intervention treatment and recidivism through a meta-analysis of existing
literature. Specifically, the impact of involving families in the
treatment of young offenders was examined through experimental research
studies (n=35) using control/comparison groups. In general, family
intervention treatment was found to reduce significantly the recidivism
of young offenders compared to traditional non-familial responses
to youth crime. Methodology, however, was found to be an important
determinant of recidivism in that less rigorous experimental designs
tended to produce significantly lower rates of recidivism compared
to more rigorous designs. In fact, those studies that employed the
most rigorous methods displayed a zero mean effect from treatment.
There appears to be a relationship between "how we evaluate"
and "what works" in correctional treatment research. Further
research is therefore recommended to examine this relationship using
a larger sample of research studies.
