CJCCJ
/ RCCJP
October/octobre 2005 Volume 47, no. 4
Articles
Adolescent
Delinquency and Health
Terrance J. Wade and David J. Pevalin
Open-Street
Camera Surveillance and Governance in Canada
Kevin Walby
Another
Look at the "Corporate Advantage" in Routine Criminal Proceedings
Jean-Luc Bacher, Martin Bouchard, Julie Paquin, and Pierre Tremblay
Research
Note
Probation
Sentences and Proportionality under the Young Offenders Act and the
Youth Criminal Justice Act
Jessica E. Pulis and Jane B. Sprott
Book
Reviews / Recensions de livres
October 2005 / octobre 2005
Books
Received / Livres reçus
October 2005 / octobre 2005
Index
to Volume 47 / Index du volume 47
Coming
Events / Prochains événements
Manuscript
Readers for 2004
Adolescent
Delinquency and Health
Terrance J. Wade and David J. Pevalin
Do risks
experienced by adolescents in their socio-structural environment cascade
to create individuals who are more susceptible to a multitude of adverse
outcomes? From a control theory perspective, we examine whether risk
factors predict a broad range of delinquent and health outcomes over
time and examine to what extent these outcomes are temporally related
to one another. We use data from the first two waves of the publicly
available National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 4,834).
Results indicate that delinquent behaviours such as violence, aggression,
and property damage are similarly predicted by the same risk factors
as depression and perceived health and tobacco, alcohol, marijuana,
and hard drug use. Most outcomes were associated with one another,
suggesting that they may be comorbid manifestations of risk exposure.
We identify temporal associations between tobacco use and depression;
between tobacco and marijuana use and hard drug use; between perceived
health and alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use; and between nuisance
delinquency and both alcohol and marijuana use.
Open-Street
Camera Surveillance and Governance in Canada
Kevin Walby
Rather
than relying on an undifferentiated version of Michel Foucault's panopticon
or conceptualizing surveillance as a straightforward top-down measure,
this article contends that open-street closed-circuit television (CCTV)
surveillance is generated from numerous and overlapping social positions.
As a regulatory project within the overarching context of governance,
open-street CCTV can be generated from above, from the middle, or
from below. By "above," what is meant is some hierarchical
political or administrative body. Business entrepreneurs constitute
the "middle." By "from below," I mean that citizens
themselves seek out regulatory measures for their own communities
through moral entrepreneurship, often in collusion with local news
media. But the inverse is also true: power moves through populations,
and thus citizens' groups have the power to contest regulatory measures
in their communities. I substantiate these theoretical claims with
media, questionnaire, and interview data regarding the proliferation
of open-street CCTV in Canada. Drawing from the sociologies of governance,
of risk, and of critical media studies, and offering a more nuanced
theoretical trajectory than theories that reproduce top-down conceptualizations
of power, politics, and communication, I challenge the reigning theoretical
models pertaining to open-street CCTV surveillance so as to demonstrate
how regulation through camera surveillance can be generated from any
number of social positions.
Another
Look at the "Corporate Advantage" in Routine Criminal Proceedings
Jean-Luc Bacher, Martin Bouchard, Julie Paquin, and Pierre Tremblay
If corporate
actors are more likely than other offenders to evade punishment, they
should also be more successful, as victims, in getting offenders punished
when brought to court. This argument was explicitly elaborated and
submitted to empirical testing by John Hagan (1982). This article
analyses all fraud cases against businesses investigated by police
officers in Montreal from January to June 1991. Initial findings indicate
that fraud cases were more likely to be cleared by charge when offenders
defrauded large business establishments and less likely to be prosecuted
when they targeted small businesses. The article explores the extent
to which reliance on private security agencies, fraud characteristics,
repeat-player effects, differential responsiveness of police investigators
and criminal courts, and other potentially confounding factors account
for this apparent corporate advantage effect.
Probation
Sentences and Proportionality under the Young Offenders Act and the
Youth Criminal Justice Act
Jessica E. Pulis and Jane B. Sprott
This
study investigates whether judges attempt to craft proportionate probation
sentences under the Young Offenders Act (YOA) and the Youth Criminal
Justice Act (YCJA). Using two samples of probation cases - one disposed
of under the YOA and the other disposed of under the YCJA - the effect
of the offence on probation sentence length was investigated. The
results suggest that youth court judges are more influenced by the
nature of the most serious offence in the case under the YCJA than
they were under the YOA. This could be seen as preliminary evidence
of the effect of s. 38(2)(c) of the YCJA, which directs judges to
craft sentences that are proportionate to the seriousness of the offence
and the degree of responsibility of the offender.
