CJCCJ
/ RCCJP
January/janvier 2006 Volume 48, no.1
Editorial Note /Note du Re¤ dacteur i
Articles
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Discourses
of Risk, Social Control, and a Neo-liberal Context
Patrick F. Parnaby
Male and Female Youth Crime in Canadian Communities:
Assessing the Applicability of Social Disorganization Theory
Joanna C. Jacob
Research
Note
Improving the Effectiveness of the National DNA Data
Bank: A Consideration of the Criminal Antecedents of Predatory Sexual
Offenders
John C. House, Richard M. Cullen, Brent Snook, and Paul Noble
Editorial
Note / Note de la re¤ daction
Commentary
Results by Design: The Artefactual Construction of High Recidivism
Rates for Sex Offenders
Cheryl Marie Webster, Rosemary Gartner, and Anthony N. Doob
What Population and What Question?
Marnie E. Rice and Grant T. Harris
Long-Term Follow-Up Studies Are Difficult: Comment on Langevin
et al. (2004) R. Karl Hanson
Reply to Webster, Gartner, and Doob Ron Langevin, Suzanne Curnoe,
and Paul Fedoroff
Addendum to Dr Hanson’s Remarks
Ron Langevin
Book Reviews / Recensions de livres
January 2006 / janvier 2006
Books Received / Livres recus
January 2006 / janvier 2006
Coming Events / Prochains
Crime
Prevention through Environmental Design: Discourses of Risk, Social
Control, and a Neo-liberal Context
Patrick F. Parnaby
This article explores the means by which crime-related risks are discursively
framed by practitioners and supporters of Crime Prevention through
Environmental Design (CPTED). It will argue that crime-related risks
are
framed in three interrelated ways: first, as forms of foreseeable
danger; second,
as depoliticized potentialities; and third, as potentialities that
require
complete responsibilization. It is argued that these discursive practices
constitute the means by which practitioners legitimate their area
of
professional expertise while at the same time providing them with
an
opportunity to exercise pastoral control over their client(s). Furthermore,
it is
argued that these frames demonstrate how ‘‘risk’’
has become an important
discourse through which neo-liberal governmentalities (Foucault 1991)
with
respect to crime control are actualized.
Male
and Female Youth Crime in Canadian Communities: Assessing the Applicability
of Social Disorganization Theory
Joanna C. Jacob
Despite an increasing awareness of female youths’ involvement
in criminal
activities, few criminology theories and empirical studies account
for female
youth crime. Social disorganization theory provides an ecological
explanation
of youth crime rates. This theory is traditionally applied to male
youth crime
and has been studied predominantly using American data. Social disorganization
theory contributes to understanding the social conditions associated
with increased crime rates, and it is therefore also useful for understanding
female crime. This article examines whether and to what degree social
disorganization theory is applicable to male and female youth crime
in
Canadian communities. Several sources of data are integrated for the
analysis of overall, property, and violent youth crime by gender,
including
the 1996 Canadian Census and the 1996 Canadian Uniform Crime
Reporting Survey (UCR). The results lend partial support for the
application of this theory at the community level in Canada; however,
they also suggest that predictors related to the informal social control
of youth crime vary more by type of offence than by gender.
Improving the Effectiveness of the National DNA
Data Bank: A Consideration of the Criminal Antecedents of Predatory
Sexual Offenders
John C. House, Richard M. Cullen, Brent Snook, and Paul Noble
This
study assessed the effectiveness of the DNA Identification Act by
examining whether 106 predatory sexual murderers and 85 predatory
sexual
assaulters had earlier convictions for offences that require offenders
to provide
a DNA profile to the National DNA Data Bank (NDDB). Offenders’
criminal records were checked for convictions of primary and secondary
designated offences, as stipulated by the act, and of non-designated
offences
that occurred prior to the murder or assault. A majority of the murderers
(68%) and assaulters (59%) had no primary designated offence convictions;
50% of the murderers and 37% of the assaulters had no secondary
designated offence convictions; and 39% of the murderers and 28% of
the
assaulters had no prior convictions for any designated offence. Overall,
the largest number of prior convictions was for non-designated offences
and the smallest for primary designated offences. Previous convictions
for theft (non-designated) and breaking and entering (secondary) were
most prevalent among the murderers and assaulters. Results suggest
that the effectiveness of the NDDB for the identification of sexual
predators may be improved by requiring mandatory provision of DNA
samples following convictions for some non-designated and secondary
designated offences.
